Transparency Of RObots Scale

The TOROS (Transparency Of RObots Scale) Scale is a validated instrument for measuring perceived transparency in human-robot interactions. This scale helps researchers and practitioners evaluate how well robots communicate their intentions, capabilities, and limitations to human users. Developed through rigorous empirical research, TOROS provides a standardized way to assess and compare transparency across different robotic systems and interaction scenarios.

TOROS is a collaborative product developed by researchers from ICAROS at the University of Naples Federico II and CITEC at Bielefeld University.

Language Availability

The TOROS Scale is currently available in three languages via the navigation bar above: English (original version), German, and Italian.

We aim to expand the TOROS Scale into additional languages. We welcome collaboration with the Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) community to support this effort. Researchers or practitioners interested in contributing validated translations are invited to contact our team.

TOROS has been discussed in detailed in this publication:.

Angelopoulos, G., Lacroix, D., Wullenkord, R., Rossi, A., Rossi, S., & Eyssel, F. (2024). Measuring Transparency in Intelligent Robots. arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.16865.